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Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also called LP gas, any of several liquid mixtures of the volatile hydrocarbons propane, propane, butene, and butane. It was used as early as 1860 for a portable fuel source, and its production and consumption for both domestic and industrial use have expanded ever since.
A typical commercial mixture may also contain ethane and ethylene, as well as a volatile mercaptan, an odorant added as a safety precaution.
Aviation fuels are petroleum-based fuels, or petroleum and synthetic fuel blends used to power aircraft. They have more stringent requirements than fuels used for ground use, such as heating and road transport, and contain additives to enhance or maintain properties important to fuel performance or handling. They are kerosene-based (JP-8 and Jet A-1) for gas turbine-powered aircraft. Piston-engined aircraft use gasoline and those with diesel engines may use jet fuel (kerosene).
Paraffin oil or liquid paraffin oil is obtained in the process of crude oil distillation (Parkash, 2003; Gary et al., 2007; Speight, 2014, 2017, 2019; Hsu and Robinson, 2017). It is a colorless and odorless oil that is used for varied purposes. In some cases, paraffin oil and mineral oil are synonymous terms. In other cases, there are subtle, often undetectable differences in composition and properties that can only be determined by careful and detailed analysis of the two.
The generic term heavy fuel oil (HFO) describes fuels used to generate motion and/or fuels to generate heat that have a particularly high viscosity and density. In the MARPOL Marine Convention of 1973, heavy fuel oil is defined either by a density of greater than 900 kg/m³ at 15°C or a kinematic viscosity of more than 180 mm²/s at 50°C. Heavy fuel oils have large percentages of heavy molecules such as long-chain hydrocarbons and aromatics with long-branched side chains. They are black in color.
Conventional diesel and petrol are both produced from mineral oil, but the precise refining methods vary. Diesel is in principle easier to refine than gasoline, however, it contains more pollutants that must be extracted before it can reach the same levels of emissions as petrol. Per liter, diesel contains more energy than petrol and the vehicle’s engine combustion process is more efficient, adding up to higher fuel efficiency and lower CO2 emissions when using diesel.
LNG is the acronym for liquefied natural gas, that has been made over millions of years of transformation of organic materials, such as plankton and algae. Natural gas is 95% methane, which is actually the cleanest fossil fuel.
Urea, a white crystalline solid containing 46% nitrogen, is widely used in the agricultural industry as an animal feed additive and fertilizer Here we discuss it only as a nitrogen fertilizer.